2. Configuring the GemStone Server

Verifying OS support for sufficient Shared Memory

To ensure that your OS has enough memory to handle the desired cache size:

Step 1. Ensure that your OS is configured to allow shared memory segments of the intended size, as described in the Installation Guide for your platform.

Step 2. The shared page cache sizing depends in part on the maximum number of sessions that will be logged in simultaneously. Ensure that the STN_MAX_SESSIONS configuration option is set correctly for your application requirements.

Step 3. Use GemStone’s shmem utility to verify that your OS kernel supports the chosen cache size and number of processes. The command line is

$GEMSTONE/install/shmem existingFile cacheSizeKB numProcs

where:

• $GEMSTONE is the directory where the GemStone software is installed.
• existingFile is the name of any writable file, which is used to obtain an id (the file is not altered).
• cacheSizeKB is the SHR_PAGE_CACHE_SIZE_KB setting.
• numProcs is the value calculated for SHR_PAGE_CACHE_NUM_PROCS. It is computed by STN_MAX_SESSIONS + STN_MAX_GC_RECLAIM_SESSIONS + 1 + SHR_NUM_FREE_FRAME_SERVERS + STN_NUM_LOCAL_AIO_SERVERS + 8.

For an existing system, you can find the computed value in the Stone log file.

For instance, for a 1.5 GB shared cache and numProcs calculated using all default configuration settings:

% touch /tmp/shmem

% $GEMSTONE/install/shmem /tmp/shmem 1500000 52

% rm /tmp/shmem

If shmem is successful in obtaining a shared memory segment of sufficient size, no message is printed. Otherwise, diagnostic output will help you identify the kernel parameter that needs tuning. The total shared memory requested includes cache overhead for cache space and per-session overhead. The actual shared memory segment in this example would be 104865792 bytes (your system might produce slightly different results).

Other shared page caches

Each Stone has a single shared page cache on its own node, and may have remote page caches on other nodes in distributed configurations (discussed in detail in Chapter 5). The configurations for remote shared pages caches may be different than for the Stone’s shared page cache.

Raw Partitions

Each raw disk partition is like a single large sequential file, with one extent or one transaction log per partition.

Usually, placing extents on file systems is as fast as using raw partitions. File system extents may perform better, since operating system file buffers may improve I/O.

Placing transaction logs on raw partitions is likely to yield better performance, particularly in an update-intensive application, since such applications primarily are writing sequentially to the active transaction log. Using raw partitions can improve the maximum achievable commit rate by avoiding the extra file system operations necessary to ensure that each log entry is recorded on the disk.

Transaction logs use sequential access exclusively, so the devices can be optimized for that access.

Because each partition holds a single log or extent, if you place transaction logs in raw partitions, you must provide at least two such partitions so that GemStone can preserve one log when switching to the next. The transaction log in each partition must be archived and cleared while the other transaction log is being updated. If your application has a high transaction volume, you are likely to need additional raw partitions for more logs.

For information about using raw partitions, see How To Set Up a Raw Partition.

NFS

Although the Network File System (NFS) can be used to share executables, libraries, and configuration files, they are not recommended, and by default disallowed, for sharing repository extents and tranlogs. This is controlled by the configuration parameter STN_ALLOW_NFS_EXTENTS.

Estimating Extent Size

When you estimate the size of the repository, allow 10 to 20% for fragmentation. Also allow at least 0.5 MB of free space for each session that will be logged in simultaneously. In addition, while the application is running, overhead is needed for objects that are created or that have been dereferenced but are not yet removed from the extents. The amount of extent space required for this depends strongly on the particular application and how it is used.

Reclaim operations and sessions with long transactions may also require a potentially much larger amount of extent free space for temporary data. To avoid the risk of out of space conditions, it is recommended to allow a generous amount of free space.

If there is room on the physical disks, and the extents are not at their maximum sizes as specified using DBF_EXTENT_SIZES, then the extents will grow automatically when additional space is needed.

The extent sizes and limits that the system uses are always in multiples of 16MB; using a number that is not a multiple of 16MB results in the next smallest multiple of 16MB being actually used.

If the free space in extents falls below a level set by the STN_FREE_SPACE_THRESHOLD configuration option, the Stone takes a number of steps to avoid shutting down. However, if these steps are not effective, the Stone will shut down. For information, see Recovering from Disk-Full Conditions.

For planning purposes, you should allow additional disk space for making GemStone backups and for making a copy of the repository when upgrading to a new release. Also, you may want to allocate space for retaining the set of transaction logs generated between backups, to allow system recovery.

Choosing the Extent Location

You should consider the following factors when deciding where to place the extents:

• Keep extents on a spindle different from operating system swap space.
• Where possible, keep the extents and transaction logs on separate spindles.

Specify the location of each extent in the configuration file. Two examples:

DBF_EXTENT_NAMES = $GEMSTONE/data/extent0.dbf

DBF_EXTENT_NAMES = /disk1/gemstone/dbf1.dbf,

/disk2/gemstone/dbf2.dbf,

/disk3/gemstone/dbf3.dbf;

Extent disk configuration

Extents benefit primarily from efficiency of random access (to the 16 KB repository pages). Using RAID devices or other storage that cannot efficiently support random access may reduce overall performance. Disk mirroring may give better results.

Setting a Maximum Size for an Extent

You can specify a maximum size for each extent through the DBF_EXTENT_SIZES configuration option. When the extent reaches that size, GemStone stops allocating space in it. If no size is specified, which is the default, GemStone continues to allocate space for the extent until the file system or raw partition is full.

For best performance using raw partitions, the maximum size should be 16MB smaller than the size of the partition, so that GemStone can avoid having to handle system errors. For example, for a 2 GB partition, set the size to 1984 MB.

Each size entry is for the corresponding entry in the DBF_EXTENT_NAMES configuration option  Use a comma to mark the position of an extent for which you do not want to specify a limit.

The first example here specifies the size of a single extent, while the second specifies sizes of the first and third extents:

DBF_EXTENT_SIZES = 500MB;

DBF_EXTENT_SIZES = 1GB, , 500MB;

Pregrowing Extents to a Fixed Size

Allocating disk space requires a system call that introduces run time overhead. Each time an extent is expanded (Figure 2.2), your application must incur this overhead and then initialize the added extent pages.

Figure 2.2   Growing an Extent on Demand

---

You can increase I/O efficiency while reducing file system fragmentation by instructing GemStone to allocate an extent to a predetermined size (called pregrowing it) at startup.

You can specify a pregrow size for each extent through the DBF_PRE_GROW configuration option. When this is set, the Stone repository monitor allocates the specified amount of disk space when it starts up with an extent that is smaller than the specified size. The extent files can then grow as needed up to the limit of DBF_EXTENT_SIZES, if that is set, or to the limits of disk space.

Pregrowing extents avoids repeated system calls to allocate and initialize additional space incrementally. This technique can be used with any number of extents, and with either raw disk partitions or extents in a file system.

The disadvantages of pregrowing extents are that it takes longer to start up GemStone, and unused disk space allocated to pregrown extents is unavailable for other purposes.

During startup, the Stone starts additional page server processes to handle the pregrow.

Pregrowing Extents to the Maximum Size

You may pregrow extents to the maximum sizes specified in DBF_EXTENT_SIZES by setting DBF_PRE_GROW to True, rather than to a list of pregrow sizes.

Pregrowing extents to the maximum size provides a simple way to reserve space on a disk for a GemStone extent. Since extents cannot be expanded beyond the maximum specified size, the system should be configured with sufficiently large extent sizes that the limit will not be reached, to avoid running out of space.

Figure 2.3   Pregrowing an Extent

---

Two configuration options work together to pregrow extents. DBF_PRE_GROW enables the operation, and optionally sets a minimum value to which to size that extent. When DBF_PRE_GROW is set to True, the Stone repository monitor allocates the space specified by DBF_EXTENT_SIZES for each extent, when it creates a new extent or starts with an extent that is smaller than the specified size. It may also be set to a list of sizes, which sets the pregrow size individually for each extent to a value that is smaller than DBF_EXTENT_SIZES.

For example, to pregrow extents to the maximum size of 1 GB each:

DBF_EXTENT_SIZES = 1GB, 1GB, 1GB;

DBF_PRE_GROW = TRUE;

To pregrow extents to 500M, but allow them to later expand to 1 GB if GemStone requires additional space, and that disk space is available:

DBF_EXTENT_SIZES = 1GB, 1GB, 1GB;

DBF_PRE_GROW = 500MB, 500MB, 500MB;

Allocating Data to Multiple Extents

Larger applications may improve performance by dividing the repository into multiple extents. Assuming the extents are on multiple spindles or the disk controller manages files as if they were, this allows several extents to be active at once.

The setting for the DBF_ALLOCATION_MODE configuration option determines whether GemStone allocates new disk pages to multiple extents by filling each extent sequentially or by balancing the extents using a set of weights you specify. Weighted allocation yields better performance because it distributes disk accesses.

Weighted Allocation

For weighted allocation, you use DBF_ALLOCATION_MODE to specify the number of extent pages to be allocated from each extent on each allocation request. The allocations are positive integers in the range 5..200, with each element corresponding to an extent of DBF_EXTENT_NAMES. For example:

DBF_EXTENT_NAMES = a.dbf, b.dbf, c.dbf;

DBF_ALLOCATION_MODE = 12, 20, 8;

You can think of the total weight of a repository as the sum of the weights of its extents. When the Stone allocates space from the repository, each extent contributes an allocation proportional to its weight.

One reason for specifying weighted allocation is to share the I/O load among a repository’s extents. For example, you can create three extents with equal weights, as shown in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.4   Sequential Allocation

---

Figure 2.5   Equally Weighted Allocation

---

Although equal weights are most common, you can adjust the relative extent weights for other reasons, such as to favor a faster disk drive. For example, suppose we have defined three extents: A, B, and C. If we defined their weights to be 12, 20, and 8 respectively, then for every 40 disk units (pages) allocated, 12 would come from A, 20 from B, and 8 from C. Another way of stating this formula is that because B’s weight is 50% of the total repository weight, 50% of all newly-allocated pages are taken from extent B. Figure 2.6 shows the result.

Figure 2.6   Proportionally Weighted Allocation

---

You can modify the relative extent weights by editing your GemStone configuration file to modify the values for DBF_ALLOCATION_MODE, or to change DBF_ALLOCATION_MODE to SEQUENTIAL; the new allocation scheme take effect the next time you start GemStone. The changes do not affect existing page allocations, only how pages are allocated for ongoing page requirements.

Logging Mode

GemStone provides two modes of transaction logging:

• Full logging, the default mode, provides real-time incremental backup of the repository. Deployed applications should use this mode. All transactions are logged regardless of their size, and the resulting logs can used in restoring the repository from a GemStone backup.
• Partial logging is intended for use during evaluation or early stages of application development. Partial logging allows a simple operation to run unattended for an extended period and permits automatic recovery from system crashes that do not corrupt the repository. Logs created in this mode cannot be used in restoring the repository from a backup.

In partial logging mode, frequent backups are recommended; any data that is not backed up may be lost if there are disk issues or the repository becomes corrupted.

Full logging is “sticky”; once a repository has started in full logging, changing the logging back to partial logging requires special steps. See To Change to Partial Logging. If you are in partial logging mode, to enable full transaction logging, simply change the configuration setting STN_TRAN_FULL_LOGGING to True and restart the Stone.

After changing from partial to full logging, make a backup as soon as possible. While you may have backups that were made in partial logging mode, these partial-logging-mode backups cannot be used to restore the full-logging-mode transaction logs.

For more information about the logging mode and the administrative differences, see Logging Modes.

Estimating Disk Space for Transaction Logs

How much disk space does your application need for transaction logs? The answer depends on several factors:

• The logging mode that you choose
• Characteristics of your transactions
• How often you archive and remove the logs

If GemStone is in full transaction logging mode (the default), you must allow sufficient space to log all transactions until you next archive the logs.

CAUTION
If the Stone exhausts the transaction log space, users will be unable to commit transactions until space is made available.

GemStone is writing to exactly one log at any given time. The number of transaction logs that should be available for automatic recovery will include this log, of course, and zero or more previous logs. The number of previous logs that is needed depends on the time of the most recent checkpoint, and if there are any long-running transactions.

The method Repository>>oldestLogFileIdForRecovery identifies the oldest log file needed for recovery from the most recent checkpoint, if the Stone were to crash. These log files should be left in place to allow automatic recovery.

Log files older than this are needed only if it becomes necessary to restore the repository from a backup. These may be archived, but should be kept at least until the next backup is made.

If GemStone is configured for partial logging, you need only provide enough space to maintain transaction logs since the last repository checkpoint. Ordinarily, two log files are sufficient: the current log and the immediately previous log, although in some cases additional logs are kept. There is no need to retain or archive logs; in partial logging mode, transaction logs can only be used only after an unexpected shutdown, to recover transactions since the last checkpoint.

Choosing the Log Location and Size Limit

The considerations in choosing a location for transaction logs are similar to those for extents:

• Keep transaction logs on a different disk than operating system swap space.
• Where possible, keep the extents and transaction logs on separate disks—doing so reduces I/O contention while increasing fault tolerance.
• Because update-intensive applications primarily are writing to the transaction log, storing raw data in a disk partition (rather than in a file system) may yield better performance.
• Transaction logs on SSDs provide the best performance

WARNING
Because the transaction logs are needed to recover from a system crash, do NOT place them in directories such as /tmp that are automatically cleared during power-up.

Transaction logs use sequential access exclusively, so the devices can be optimized for that access.

With raw partitions, or when in partial transaction logging mode, GemStone requires at least two log locations (directories or raw partitions) so it can switch to another when the current one is filled. In full transaction mode, logging to transaction logs on the file system, one directory may be used, in which case all transaction logs are created in that directory.

When you set the log locations in the configuration file, you should also check their size limit.

Although the size of 100 MB provided in the default configuration file is adequate in many situations, update-intensive applications should consider a larger size to limit the frequency with which logs are switched. Each switch causes a checkpoint to occur, which can impact performance.

NOTE
For best performance using raw partitions, the size setting should be slightly smaller than the size of the partition so GemStone can avoid having to handle system errors. For example, for a 2 GB partition, set it to 1998 MB.

The following example sets up a log in a 2 GB raw partition and a directory of 100 MB logs in the file system. This setup is a workable compromise when the number of raw partitions is limited. The file system logs give the administrator time to archive the primary log when it is full.

STN_TRAN_LOG_DIRECTORIES = /dev/rdsk/c4d0s2, /user3/tranlogs;

STN_TRAN_LOG_SIZES = 1998, 100;

All of the transaction logs must reside on Stone’s node.

Moving an Extent to a Raw Partition

To move an extent from the file system to a raw partition, do this:

Step 1. Define the raw disk partition device. Its size should be at least 16 MB larger than the existing extent file.

Step 2. Stop the Stone repository monitor.

Step 3. Edit the repository’s configuration file, substituting the device name of the partition for the file name in DBF_EXTENT_NAMES.

Set DBF_EXTENT_SIZES for this extent to be 16 MB smaller than the size of the partition.

Step 4. Use copydbf to copy the extent file to the raw partition. (If the partition previously contained a GemStone file, first use removedbf to mark it as unused.)

Step 5. Restart the Stone.

Moving an Extent to the File System

The procedure to move an extent from a raw partition to the file system is similar:

Step 1. Stop the Stone repository monitor.

Step 2. Edit the repository’s configuration file, substituting the file path and name for the name of the partition in DBF_EXTENT_NAMES.

Step 3. Use copydbf to copy the extent to a file in a file system, then set the file permissions to the ones you ordinarily use.

Step 4. Restart the Stone.

Moving Transaction Logging to a Raw Partition

To switch from transaction logging in the file system to logging in a raw partition, do this:

Step 1. Define the raw disk partition. If you plan to copy the current transaction log to the partition, its size should be at least 1 to 2 MB larger than current log file.

Step 2. Stop the Stone repository monitor.

Step 3. Edit the repository’s configuration file, substituting the device name of the partition for the directory name in STN_TRAN_LOG_DIRECTORIES. Make sure that STN_TRAN_LOG_SIZES for this location is 1 to 2 MB smaller than the size of the partition.

Step 4. Use copydbf to copy the current transaction log file to the raw partition. (If the partition previously contained a GemStone file, first use removedbf to mark it as unused.)

You can determine the current log from the last message “Creating a new transaction log” in the Stone’s log. If you don’t copy the current transaction log, the Stone will open a new one with the next sequential fileId, but it may be opened in another location specified by STN_TRAN_LOG_DIRECTORIES.

Step 5. Restart the Stone.

Moving Transaction Logging to the File System

The procedure to move transaction logging from a raw partition to the file system is similar:

Step 1. Stop the Stone repository monitor.

Step 2. Edit the repository’s configuration file, substituting a directory path and name for the name of the partition in STN_TRAN_LOG_DIRECTORIES.

Step 3. Use copydbf to copy the current transaction log to a file in the specified directory. The copydbf utility will generate a file name like tranlognnn.dbf, where nnn is the internal fileId of that log.

Step 4. Restart the Stone.

Adjusting the Cache Size

As described under Shared Page Cache, increasing the size of the cache, up to the size that will hold the entire repository, will almost always improve performance. Configuring a large cache to use shared memory pages will also provide benefit.

In particular, a cache that is too small may have to preempt frames in order to load or write pages. You can use the statistics for a running application to monitor the load on the cache. In particular, the statistics FreeFrameCount and FramesFromFindFree may be useful, as well as FramesFromFreeList.

Clustering Objects That Are Accessed Together

Appropriate clustering of objects by the application can allow a smaller shared page cache by reducing the number of data pages in use at once. For general information about clustering objects, see the Programming Guide.

To Add AIO Page Server threads

By default the Stone starts the AIO page server process with a single thread, to perform asynchronous I/O (AIO) between the shared page cache and the extents. This process updates extents by writing out pages, and during a checkpoint.

If your configuration has multiple extents, you should generally increase the number of threads in the AIO page server. You can do this by changing the STN_NUM_LOCAL_AIO_SERVERS configuration option.

For multiple page server threads to improve performance, they must be able to execute at the same time and write to disk at the same time. Increasing the number of threads beyond the number of disk spindles, or beyond the number of CPUs, will not improve the speed at which the AIO page server can write pages.

Free Frame Page Server

A Gem can get free frames either from the free list (the quick way), or, if sufficient free frames have not been added to the list, by scanning the shared page cache for a free frame instead. What constitutes sufficient free frames is determined by the GEM_FREE_FRAME_LIMIT configuration option).

To assist the AIO page server in adding frames back to the free list, the stone spawns a free frame page server, with the same number of threads as the AIO page server. The number of free frame page server threads should not be less than the number of AIO page server threads, to ensure the distribution of free pages and used pages remains balanced over the repository extents.

In some cases, increasing the number of free frame page servers can improve overall system performance. For example, if Gems are performing many operations requiring writing pages to disk, the AIO page server may have to spend all its time writing pages, never getting a chance to add free frames to the free list. Alternatively, if Gems are performing operations that require only reading, the AIO page server will see no dirty frames in the cache—the signal that prompts it to take action. In that case, it may sleep for a second, even though free frames are present in the cache and need to be added to the free list.

Process Free Frame Caches

There is a communication overhead involved in getting free frames from the free frame list for scanning. To optimize this, you can configure the Gems and their remote page servers to add or remove multiple free frames from a free frame cache to the free frame list in a single operation.

When using the free frame cache, the Gem or remote page server removes enough frames from the free list to refill the cache in a single operation. When adding frames to the free list, the process does not add them until the cache is full.

You can control the size of the Gem and remote page server free frame caches by setting the configuration parameters GEM_FREE_FRAME_CACHE_SIZE and GEM_PGSVR_FREE_FRAME_CACHE_SIZE, respectively.

The default behavior depends on the size of the shared page cache; if the shared page cache is 100MB or larger, a page server free frame cache size of 10 is used, so ten free frames are acquired in one operation when the cache is empty. For shared page cache sizes less than 100MB, the Gem or remote page server acquires the frames one at a time.

Configure what is loaded into the cache

The decision on what to load into the cache depends on the size of your shared page cache, relative to the size of your repository.

• If your shared page cache is very large and sufficiently large to hold all objects in the entire repository, you may wish to load all data pages into the cache. This is done using the -d argument.
• If your shared page cache is small relative to the repository size, and if the set of data pages that are used is highly variable, you may wish to load only the object table into the shared cache, and allow data pages to be loaded as needed. Ensure that the working set file /opt/gemstone/locks/<stoneName><hostid>workingSet.lz4 does not exist, and do not use either the -d or -D argument.
• When the entire repository does not fit into the cache, and there is a subset of data that is frequently used, and will predictably be needed after a Stone restart, you can configure the shared page cache monitor to write out a compressed set of pageIds of data pages that are in the cache. The cache warmer looks for this file and automatically loads these data pages. When the -w option was specified on cache warming before the previous Stone shutdown, the pages in the shared page cache after restart match what was in the cache on Stone shutdown.

The -w <interval> enables writing the working set file to disk, at the specified interval, to the file

/opt/gemstone/locks/<stoneName><hostid>workingSet.lz4 

When the working set file exists, it is automatically used to load pages. Only pages that are valid are loaded, so there is no requirement to keep the file strictly in sync with the repository.

The full set of options for cache warming are described under startcachewarmer.

Configure when warming is run

To perform cache warming automatically every time the repository starts up, use the configuration parameters:

• STN_CACHE_WARMER_ARGS to warm the Stone’s shared page cache
• GEM_CACHE_WARMER_ARGS and GEM_CACHE_WARMER_MID_CACHE_ARGS to warm shared page caches that are started by Gems.

These parameters take a string containing the specific arguments to the startcachewarmer utility. Not all arguments make sense in the context of the configuration parameter; for example, you never need to provide the stone name or configuration file paths.

For example, to configure cache warming to write the working set out once a day and on stone shutdown, and to use four sessions to perform the warming, use the following:

STN_CACHE_WARMER_ARGS = "-w 1440 -n 4" ;

You may manually execute the startcachewarmer utility on the command line at any time, but it is most useful immediately after startup of the page cache to be warmed. Cache warming will only load pages until the cache is full.